Civic Literacy Report

The following tables are taken from the report, Failing Our Students, Failing America.

NO COLLEGE EARNED BETTER THAN A “D+”
Rank	College	Mean Senior Score (2006) (% correct)
1.	Harvard University	69.56%
2.	Grove City College (PA)	67.26
3.	Washington & Lee University (VA)	66.98
4.	Yale University	65.85
5.	Brown University	65.64
6.	University of Virginia	65.28
7.	Wheaton College (IL)	64.98
8.	University of Pennsylvania	63.49
9.	Duke University	63.41
10.	Bowdoin College (ME)	62.86
11.	Princeton University	61.90
12.	University of Notre Dame	61.25
13.	Rhodes College (TN)	61.18
14.	Smith College (MA)	60.07
15.	University of Rochester (NY)*	59.32
16.	University of Wisconsin	57.87
17.	University of Georgia*	57.76
18.	University of North Carolina	57.68
19.	Cornell University	56.95
20.	Carnegie Mellon University*	56.90
21.	Calvin College (MI)	56.45
22.	University of California-Berkeley	56.27
23.	University of Washington	55.88
24.	Concordia University (NE)*	55.28
25.	University of Minnesota-Twin Cities*	53.50
26.	University of Florida	53.40
27.	Iowa State University*	52.69
28.	University of Montana*	52.16
29.	Gonzaga University (WA)	51.86
30.	University of Michigan	51.00
31.	Illinois State University*	50.93
32.	Mississippi State University*	50.86
33.	Rutgers University*	49.99
34.	George Mason University (VA)	49.96
35.	Murray State University (KY)*	49.75
36.	University of Mississippi	49.32
37.	IdahoState University*	48.15
38.	University of Massachusetts-Amherst*	46.66
39.	Mount Vernon Nazarene University (OH)*	44.60
40.	Pfeiffer University (NC)*	44.30
41.	St. Cloud State University (MN)*	44.26
42.	Texas State University-San Marcos*	43.99
43.	Georgia College and State University*	43.68
44.	University of Southern Maine*	43.58
45.	Marian College (WI)*	43.10
46.	Texas A&M International University*	41.14
47.	Eastern Connecticut State University*	40.99
48.	St. John’s University (NY)*	39.82
49.	Oakwood College (AL)*	34.69
50.	St. Thomas University (FL)*	32.50
* Randomly selected school

THE AVERAGE SENIOR FAILED ALL FOUR SUBJECTS, AGAIN
Test Section	Senior Mean (2006)	Senior Mean (2005)
Overall	54.2%	53.2%
American History	58.8%	58.5%
American Political Thought	55.2%	51.4%
America and the World	50.8%	51.5%
The Market Economy	51.1%	50.5%

EASTERN CONNECTICUT INCREASED CIVIC KNOWLEDGE MOST
This table ranks the 50 schools in this year’s survey by the difference in average scores between their freshmen and their seniors on the American civic literacy exam. Eastern Connecticut State University ranked first in civic-knowledge “value added.” Cornell University ranked last.
Rank by Value Added	College	Freshman Mean	Senior Mean	Value Added
1.	Eastern Connecticut State University*	31.34%	40.99%	+9.65%
2.	Marian College (WI)*	33.66	43.10	9.44
3.	Murray State University (KY)*	40.63	49.75	9.12
4.	Concordia University (NE)*	46.29	55.28	8.99
5.	St. Cloud State University (MN)*	35.67	44.26	8.59
6.	Mississippi State University*	42.50	50.86	8.36
7.	Pfeiffer University (NC)*	36.05	44.30	8.25
8.	Illinois State University*	42.74	50.93	8.19
9.	Iowa State University*	45.03	52.69	7.66
10.	University of Mississippi	41.87	49.32	7.45
11.	Smith College (MA)	52.63	60.07	7.44
12.	Rhodes College (TN)	53.76	61.18	7.42
13.	University of Montana*	45.54	52.16	6.62
14.	Idaho State University*	41.76	48.15	6.39
15.	University of Wisconsin	51.57	57.87	6.30
16.	University of Southern Maine*	37.48	43.58	6.10
17.	Harvard University	63.59	69.56	5.97
18.	University of Notre Dame	55.66	61.25	5.59
19.	Mt. Vernon Nazarene Univ. (OH)*	40.04	44.60	4.56
20.	Washington & Lee University	62.46	66.98	4.52
21.	Calvin College (MI)	51.99	56.45	4.46
22.	University of Florida	48.96	53.40	4.44
23.	University of North Carolina	53.26	57.68	4.42
24.	University of Minnesota-Twin Cities*	49.18	53.50	4.32
25.	University of Michigan	46.68	51.00	4.32
26.	University of Washington	51.63	55.88	4.25
27.	Gonzaga University (WA)	47.71	51.86	4.15
28.	University of Rochester (NY)*	55.69	59.32	3.63
29.	Grove City College (PA)	63.64	67.26	3.62
30.	Georgia College and State University*	40.28	43.68	3.40
31.	Bowdoin College (ME)	59.50	62.86	3.36
32.	University of Georgia*	54.48	57.76	3.28
33.	Carnegie Mellon University*	54.06	56.90	2.84
34.	St. Thomas University (FL)*	29.75	32.50	2.75
35.	Texas State University-San Marcos*	41.25	43.99	2.74
36.	Texas A&M International University*	38.43	41.14	2.71
37.	George Mason University (VA)	47.28	49.96	2.68
38.	University of Virginia	62.95	65.28	2.33
39.	Brown University	63.42	65.64	2.22
40.	Wheaton College (IL)	62.87	64.98	2.11
41.	University of Pennsylvania	62.66	63.49	0.83
42.	University of Massachusetts-Amherst*	46.10	46.66	0.56
43.	Oakwood College (AL)*	35.17	34.69	-0.48
44.	University of California-Berkeley	57.03	56.27	-0.76
45.	Rutgers University*	50.93	49.99	-0.94
46.	Princeton University	63.60	61.90	-1.70
47.	St. John’s University (NY)*	41.69	39.82	-1.87
48.	Duke University	65.66	63.41	-2.25
49.	Yale University	68.94	65.85	-3.09
50.	Cornell University	61.90	56.95	-4.95
* Randomly selected school

2006 NATIONWIDE RESULTSAverage Percent Correct by Subject and Class Year
Test Section	Freshman Mean	Senior Mean	Value Added
Overall	50.4%	54.2%	+3.8%*
American History	56.6%	58.8%	+2.2%*
American Political Thought	52.0%	55.2%	+3.2%*
America and the World	46.8%	50.8%	4.0%*
The Market Economy	44.9%	51.1%	6.2%*
* The difference between the freshman and senior means is statistically significant with confidence of 95% or greater across the 50 schools surveyed.

PUBLIC COLLEGES OUT-PERFORMED IVY LEAGUE COLLEGES Average Percent Correct by Alternative Measures of Prestige (2006)
Rank by Value	Classification	Freshman Average	Senior Average	Value Added*
1.	State, Non-Flagship Universities	41.5%	47.4%	+5.9%
2.	Private, Secular, Non-Ivy Universities	56.2	60.1	+3.9
3.	“Public Ivies” or State Flagship Universities	50.7	54.4	+3.7
4.	Catholic Universities	45.2	48.3	+3.1
5.	Protestant Universities	53.8	56.6	+2.8
6.	Ivy-league Universities	64.0	64.1	+0.1

1.	25 universities surveyed by ISI that were ranked lowest by U.S. News & World Report	42.5	47.7	+5.2
2.	25 universities surveyed by ISI that were ranked highest by U.S. News & World Report	57.2	59.5	+2.3

1.	Universities omitted from Barron’s “Most Competitive” listing (35 universities)	45.7	50.3	+4.6
2.	Universities included in Barron’s “Most Competitive” listing (15 universities)	60.8	62.5	+1.7

1.	Least expensive 25 universities (out-of-state cost <$22,500)	43.5	48.7	+5.2
2.	Most expensive 25 universities (out-of-state cost >$22,500)	56.9	59.1	+2.2

1.	25 universities whose students receive lower government subsidies (Average annual subsidy less than $6,100)	45.9	51.6	+5.7
2.	25 universities whose students receive higher government subsidies (Average annual subsidy greater than $6,100)	54.1	56.1	+2.0
* The difference between the freshman and senior means is statistically significant with confidence of 95% or greater across the 50 schools surveyed.

COLLEGE RANK BY CIVIC COURSE QUALITY
Rank by Course Quality*	School	Civic Value Added	Mean Courses Taken **	Course Quality (Civic Knowledge Gained per Civic Course)*
Mean		+3.80	4.00	+0.95%*
1.	Concordia University (NE)	9.00	2.42	3.72
2.	Marian College (WI)	9.44	3.24	2.91
3.	St. Cloud State University (MN)	8.59	3.21	2.68
4.	Murray State University (KY)	9.20	3.58	2.57
5.	Eastern Connecticut State University	9.65	3.80	2.54
6.	Mississippi State University	8.36	3.72	2.25
7.	Pfeiffer University (NC)	8.25	3.94	2.09
8.	Iowa State University	7.66	3.71	2.06
9.	University of Mississippi	7.46	3.92	1.90
10.	Illinois State University	8.19	4.34	1.89
11.	Mt. Vernon Nazarene University (OH)	4.56	2.55	1.79
12.	University of Southern Maine	6.11	3.60	1.69
13.	Idaho State University	6.39	3.86	1.66
14.	Smith College (MA)	7.44	4.56	1.63
15.	University of Wisconsin	6.30	3.86	1.63
16.	University of Montana	6.62	4.30	1.54
17.	Rhodes College (TN)	7.42	5.45	1.36
18.	University of Minnesota-Twin Cities	4.32	3.17	1.36
19.	University of Washington	4.25	3.15	1.35
20.	University of Florida	4.43	3	1.29
21.	Calvin College (MI)	4.46	3.56	1.25
22.	Grove City College (PA)	3.61	2.96	1.22
23.	Harvard University	5.97	5.06	1.18
24.	University of North Carolina	4.42	3.95	1.12
25.	University of Notre Dame	5.59	5.48	1.02
26.	University of Michigan	4.32	4.41	0.98
27.	Carnegie Mellon University	2.84	2.97	0.96
28.	University of Rochester (NY)	3.63	3.91	0.93
29.	St. Thomas University (FL)	2.75	3.07	0.89
30.	Gonzaga University (WA)	4.16	4.70	0.88
31.	Georgia College and State University	3.40	4.36	0.78
32.	University of Georgia	3.28	4.26	0.77
33.	Texas State University-San Marcos	2.74	4.31	0.64
34.	Wheaton College (IL)	2.12	3.33	0.64
35.	Washington & Lee University (VA)	4.53	7.62	0.59
36.	George Mason University (VA)	2.69	4.54	0.59
37.	Texas A&M International University	2.71	5.16	0.52
38.	University of Virginia	2.33	5.11	0.46
39.	Bowdoin College (ME)	3.36	7.55	0.44
40.	Brown University	2.22	5.01	0.44
41.	University of Pennsylvania	0.84	5.20	0.16
42.	University of Massachusetts-Amherst	0.56	3.57	0.16
43.	University of California-Berkeley	-0.76	3.68	-0.21
44.	Oakwood College (AL)	-0.48	2.00	-0.24
45.	Rutgers University	-0.93	3.40	-0.28
46.	Yale University	-3.09	6.10	-0.51
47.	Duke University	-2.25	3.93	-0.57
48.	St. John’s University	-1.87	2.80	-0.67
49.	Princeton University	-1.70	2.48	-0.68
50.	Cornell University	-4.95	2.74	-1.81
* Civic course quality is estimated by average civic learning at a college divided by the average number of relevant courses taken by students. ** Relevant civic courses taken by seniors surveyed based on the number of history, economics, and political science courses as reported by the students.

TOP 10 THINGS STUDENTS “UNLEARNED” ABOUT AMERICAN HISTORY
Although the average college senior outscored the average college freshman by 3.8 points overall on the American civic literacy exam, seniors were especially less likely than freshmen to correctly answer questions about major themes in American history. Here are the themes of the top 10 history questions that seniors were less likely to answer correctly than freshmen.
Theme	Negative Learning
1. Power of judicial review	-10.47
2. President Washington’s foreign policy	-8.03
3. Monroe Doctrine	-7.75
4. The Federalist Papers	-4.70
5. Settlement of Jamestown	-2.03
6. American Revolutionary War	-1.83
7. War of 1812	-1.56
8. Civil War events	-1.54
9. Thomas Paine and Common Sense	-1.49
10. Reconstruction	-0.89

COMPARATIVE RESULTS FOR REPEAT COLLEGES
	2006 Results				2005 Results
College	2006 Rank	Freshmen	Seniors	Value Added	2005 Rank	Freshmen	Seniors	Value Added
Rhodes College (TN)	1.	53.76%	61.18%	+7.42%	1.	50.63%	62.23%	+11.60%
Harvard University	2.	63.59	69.56	5.97	6.	67.81	69.71	1.90
Washington & Lee University (VA)	3.	62.46	66.98	4.52	10.	63.61	63.85	0.24
Calvin College (MI)	4.	51.99	56.45	4.46	2.	49.52	58.99	9.47
University of Florida	5.	48.96	53.40	4.44	12.	48.55	47.78	-0.77
University of North Carolina	6.	53.26	57.68	4.42	9.	54.83	56.46	1.63
University of Michigan	7.	46.68	51.00	4.32	11.	52.13	52.07	-0.06
University of Washington	8.	51.63	55.88	4.25	8.	48.32	50.13	1.80
Grove City College (PA)	9.	63.64	67.26	3.62	3.	58.98	68.37	9.39
George Mason University (VA)	10.	47.28	49.96	2.68	4.	50.87	55.86	4.99
University of Virginia	11.	62.95	65.28	2.33	13.	63.73	62.66	-1.07
Brown University	12.	63.42	65.64	2.22	16.	62.47	59.84	-2.64
Wheaton College (IL)	13.	62.87	64.98	2.11	7.	59.69	61.64	1.95
University of California-Berkeley	14.	57.03	56.27	-0.76	18.	60.44	54.87	-5.57
Princeton University	15.	63.60	61.90	-1.70	5.	66.03	68.78	2.75
Duke University	16.	65.66	63.41	-2.25	15.	60.59	58.29	-2.29
Yale University	17.	68.94	65.85	-3.09	14.	69.76	68.28	-1.48
Cornell University	18.	61.90	56.95	-4.95	17.	59.39	56.14	-3.25

FAMILY MATTERS
This table shows the relative impact on civic learning associated with five factors related to a student’s family. For example, students from families that frequently discussed current events and history gained 2.32 percentage points more on average than students from families that did not. The values in this table represent the unique impact of each factor on civic learning.
Factor	Gain in Civic Learning
Frequent family discussion of current events/history	+2.32 points
English was primary language	+1.80
Father has at least a bachelor’s degree	+0.96
Mother has at least a bachelor’s degree	+0.76
Parents married and living together	+0.70
These are coefficients from a multiple regression analysis that account for the unique influences of the individual student, family, college characteristics, the community surrounding the college, and the student’s college peers.

CIVIC LEARNING BY RACE AND ETHNICITY
Characteristic	Freshman Average	Senior Average	Value Added
White	51.7%	56.8%	+5.1%*
Minority (Non-White)	47.4%	48.2%	+0.8%
Asian	52.3%	51.3%	-1.0%
Black	41.6%	42.5%	+0.9%
Hispanic	43.8%	45.5%	+1.7%
Multi-racial	49.3%	52.0%	+2.8%*
* The difference between the freshman and senior means is statistically significant with confidence of 95% or greater.

RESULTS FOR FOREIGN NATIONALS ATTENDING AMERICAN COLLEGES Average Percent Correct by Subject and by Cohort
Test Section	Freshman Mean	Senior Mean	Value Added
Overall	43.4%	43.5%	+0.1%
American History	45.4%	42.5%	-2.9%
American Political Thought	43.8%	44.7%	+0.9%
America and the World	41.6%	41.8%	+0.2%
The Market Economy	42.3%	45.4%	+3.1%*
* The difference between the freshman and senior means is statistically significant with confidence of 95% or greater.

RESULTS FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP Average Percent Correct by Subject and by Cohort
Test Section	Freshman Mean	Senior Mean	Value Added
Overall	50.9%	55.1%	+4.2%*
American History	57.3%	60.0%	+2.7%*
American Political Thought	52.6%	56.2%	+3.6%*
America and the World	47.2%	51.6%	+4.4%*
The Market Economy	45.3%	51.8%	+6.5%*
* The difference between the freshman and senior means is statistically significant with confidence of 95% or greater.

EXPENSIVE, POORLY PERFORMING COLLEGESThese colleges have a “sticker price” greater than $30,000 but rank among the bottom 10 for civic knowledge gained by students.
College	Sticker Price*	Rank by Civic Added	Civic Value Added
University of Pennsylvania	$34,156	41	+0.83%
Duke University	$33,963	48	-2.25%
Yale University	$33,030	49	-3.09%
Princeton University	$33,000	46	-1.70%
Cornell University	$32,981	50	-4.95%
* 2005 tuition and fees, or out-of-state cost, as reported to The College Board

LESS EXPENSIVE, BETTER PERFORMING COLLEGES These colleges have a “sticker price” less than $15,000 but rank among the top 10 for civic knowledge gained by students.
College	Sticker Price*	Rank by Civic Added	Civic Value Added
University of Mississippi	$10,560	10	+7.45%
Mississippi State University	$10,560	6	+8.36%
St. Cloud State University	$11,673	5	+8.59%
Murray State University	$13,566	3	+9.12%
Eastern Connecticut University	$13,570	1	+9.65%
Illinois State University	$14,730	8	+8.19%
* 2005 tuition and fees, or out-of-state cost, as reported to The College Board

HEAVILY SUBSIDIZED, POORLY PERFORMING COLLEGES
These colleges ranked among the bottom 10 for civic knowledge gained by students, but their students received an above-average total sum in government grants to freshmen (the average was $6,453 across the 50 schools in the survey).
College	Average Total Government Grants to Freshmen	Endowment in Billions	Rank by Value Added	Value Added
Yale University	$11,102	$18.03	49	-3.09%
University of Pennsylvania	$9,666	$5.30	41	+0.83%
Duke University	$8,785	$4.50	48	-2.25%
Rutgers University	$8,231	$0.55	45	-0.94%
Princeton University	$8,215	$13.00	46	-1.70%
Cornell University	$7,524	$4.30	50	-4.95%
St. John’s University	$7,386	$0.30	47	-1.87%

LESS SUBSIDIZED, BETTER PERFORMING COLLEGES
These colleges ranked among the top ten for civic knowledge gained by students, and their students received a below-average total sum in government grants to freshmen (the average was $6,453 across the 50 schools in the survey).
College	Average Total Government Grants to Freshmen	Endowment in Billions	Rank by Value Added	Value Added
East Connecticut State University	$3,721	$0.0001	1	+9.65%
Iowa State University	$3,946	$0.102	9	+7.66%
Mississippi State University	$4,225	$0.211	6	+8.36%
Concordia University	$4,250	$0.021	4	+8.99%
St. Cloud State University	$4,264	$0.01	5	+8.59%
University of Mississippi	$4,316	$0.42	10	+7.45%
Murray State University	$4,820	$0.014	3	+9.12%
Pfeiffer University	$4,887	$0.013	7	+8.25%

WELL-PAID PRESIDENTS, POORLY PERFORMING COLLEGES
Among the 50 schools in the ISI survey, these colleges ranked in the top 10 for the salaries they paid their presidents but the bottom 10 for the civic knowledge gained by their students.
College	President’s Salary	Mean Faculty Salary	Value Added
University of Pennsylvania	$675,000	$124,167	+0.83%
Cornell University	$630,747	$101,788	-4.95%
Yale University	$618,822	$112,558	-3.09%
Princeton University	$542,875	$121,520	-1.70%
Rutgers University	$525,000	$88,963	-0.94%
Duke University	$500,000	$97,756	-2.25%

LOWER PAID PRESIDENTS, BETTER PERFORMING COLLEGES
Among the 50 schools in the ISI survey, these colleges ranked in the bottom 10 for the salaries they paid their presidents and the top 10 for the civic knowledge gained by their students.
College	President’s Salary	Mean Faculty Salary	Value Added
Concordia University	$164,646	$50,343	+8.99%
Marian College	$166,630	$51,638	+9.44%
Pfeiffer University	$186,000	$49,848	+8.25%

STANFORD UNIVERSITY RESULTS FROM SPRING 2007 Average Percent Correct for Freshmen and Seniors
Test Section	Freshman Mean	Senior Mean	Value Added
Overall	66.13%	66.93%	+0.80%
American History	70.07%	69.03%	-1.04%
American Political Thought	69.64%	69.50%	-0.10%
America and the World	63.19%	64.36%	+1.20%
The Market Economy	60.80%	64.59%	+3.80%*
* The difference between the freshman and senior means is statistically significant with confidence of 95% or greater.

STUDENT POPULATION
Population	Number of Schools	Percentage
Total	1,412	100%
Total Public	512	36.3%
Total Private	900	63.7%
<5,000 Students	1,010	71.5%
5,000 To <10,000 Students	201	14.2%
10,000 Or More Students	201	14.2%
Source: National Center for Education Statistics’ Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

AVERAGE CIVIC LEARNING BY QUESTION (2006 TESTING)±
Each question included was intended to test important knowledge. Working with a distinguished board of professors from around the country and outside reviewers, we identified 60 themes that appear in the first column of the following table. This listing illustrates the range of ideas tested in American history (questions 1–17), American government and political thought (18–31), international affairs (32–47) and the market economy (48–60). The themes consist of basic civic knowledge or concepts, not obscure or arbitrarily selected knowledge.
	Question Theme (*denotes an NAEP question)	Freshman Percent Correct	Senior Percent Correct	Civic Gain Percent	Rank by Gain
1.	Jamestown colony	46.42%	44.39%	-2.03%	54
2.	The Puritan religious tradition	48.54	47.87	-0.67	47
3.	Form of the U.S. government	54.20	57.98	3.78	32
4.	George Washington’s founding role	68.30	74.50	6.20	23
5.	The American Revolutionary War	47.73	45.90	-1.83	53
6.	The inalienable rights enumerated in the Declaration	80.46	85.06	4.60	29
7.	Chronology of major historical events	49.25	47.71	-1.54	51
8.	Origin of the doctrine of separation of church and state	28.07	31.84	3.77	33
9.	Outcome of the War of 1812	35.50	33.94	-1.56	52
10.	The thought of Abraham Lincoln	66.02	68.90	2.88	39
11.	Timing of the Civil War	58.00	61.42	3.42	37
12.	The New Deal	80.62	84.68	4.06	31
13.	Reconstruction*	43.66	42.77	-0.89	49
14.	Women’s suffrage	56.04	58.24	2.20	41
15.	Roe v. Wade	56.77	65.20	8.43	12
16.	Brown v. Board of Education	80.19	84.61	4.42	30
17.	World War II	68.50	70.72	2.22	40
18.	Declaration of Independence	45.26	45.95	0.69	44
19.	Plato’s Republic	18.04	24.67	6.63	19
20.	The concept of representative democracy	72.37	78.63	6.26	22
21.	The Federalist Papers	54.63	49.93	-4.70	57
22.	Concept of the separation of powers	68.42	75.27	6.85	16
23.	Marbury v. Madison	52.14	41.67	-10.47	60
24.	Federalism defined	45.93	43.76	-2.17	55
25.	Common law	45.97	56.79	10.82	4
26.	John Locke and the Declaration of Independence	72.17	72.06	-0.11	46
27.	Founders’ understanding of moral and political knowledge	56.57	62.69	6.12	24
28.	Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.	79.93	85.74	5.81	26
29.	Classical thought and relativism	40.52	51.12	10.60	5
30.	The Bill of Rights	45.85	48.01	2.16	42
31.	The nature of society	36.78	43.61	6.83	17
32.	Thomas Paine and Common Sense	71.12	69.63	-1.49	50
33.	Enumerated powers	29.28	29.32	0.04	45
34.	President Washington’s foreign policy	44.65	36.62	-8.03	59
35.	Monroe Doctrine	29.94	22.19	-7.75	58
36.	Traditional just war criteria	15.83	19.34	3.51	35
37.	NATO	39.15	42.66	3.51	36
38.	Alternative forms of government	42.43	49.16	6.73	18
39.	Alexis de Tocqueville (Democracy in America)	41.36	47.69	6.33	21
40.	The United Nations	61.70	68.10	6.40	20
41.	The Cold War and the USSR	76.11	84.79	8.68	10
42.	The Kennedy Administration	51.77	57.73	5.96	25
43.	Concept of balance of power	47.98	55.31	7.33	14
44.	The Vietnam War*	43.44	47.11	3.67	34
45.	The Cold War	76.34	81.30	4.96	28
46.	Saddam Hussein	29.68	40.12	10.44	7
47.	Persian Gulf War 1991	53.92	68.40	14.48	1
48.	Inflation and the value of money	56.03	68.55	12.52	2
49.	Free enterprise defined	61.29	68.75	7.46	13
50.	Source of market prosperity	30.98	37.84	6.86	15
51.	Gross Domestic Product (GDP)*	67.64	77.70	10.06	8
52.	Definition of business profit	61.19	70.05	8.86	9
53.	Concept of a public good	36.10	44.65	8.55	11
54.	Keynesian economic thought and policy	32.47	35.61	3.14	38
55.	Income distribution in America	24.73	25.45	0.72	43
56.	Gains from trade*	63.35	73.90	10.55	6
57.	Law of demand*	54.33	59.67	5.34	27
58.	Monetary policy*	24.53	23.84	-0.69	48
59.	Tax policy	53.23	64.95	11.72	3
60.	Federal budget	24.04	20.82	-3.22	56
±Learning equals average percent correct among seniors minus that for freshmen.

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